Enter the term(s) on which you need to search into the box labelled “Look For”, and click on Go.

Suppose that you want to find material on anthrax. Enter the value anthrax (without quotation marks), and click on Go. After a few seconds, LI will return a view of the citations in which this word appears. If you enter a pair of words, such as “asymmetric warfare”, LI will return a view of citations containing those two words.

This free look-up service is intended for general users wishing to understand no more than the shape and direction of material on a selected topic - so the citations lists (or views) which it generates do not include publication data relating to the volume, issue, date or page references. Researchers requiring specific references, or access to LI’s Advanced Search facility and to the Archive section, will need to sign up for a paid subscription, as described in Section 3 below.

Subscribers can login by entering their User Name and Password.

Users on an institutional subscription may experience a login failure producing the following message:

Sorry but the maximum number of users for this account has been exceeded. Please try again later.

This means that the full number of concurrent users allowed by your institutional subscription is currently accessing the LI database, and that you will have to wait for a slot to be freed up. If this happens repeatedly, please contact your library services manager about extending the subscription to allow for more users.

To subscribe, or to just see the subscription rates, click on Subscriptions on the Home Page.

Step 1: Select your desired subscription rate. Individual users with infrequent access needs can choose a low-cost day-rate.

Note (1): Institutional rates allow a limited number of concurrent sessions from an undefined number of workstations for a single User Name/Password combination. Institutional subscribers can increase the number of users at any time. The system will register the different expiry dates for mid-period increases.

Note (2): Institutional subscribers who require a pro forma invoice, or who require their subscription to run from a particular date, should contact MPR by fax at +44 1865 396050 or by email at mail@mpr.co.uk. An administration charge of $20 is charged to cover costs of processing pro-forma orders and setting up subscriptions accounts offline. Subscription agents should enter subscriptions on behalf of their clients at the normal rates, and charge their services to their clients.

Step 2: Select the currency you prefer (UK pounds or US dollars).

Step 3: Enter the User Name you wish to use when accessing the database. This has to be unique on our system - so we recommend using your email address to guarantee acceptance.

Step 4: Enter the Password you wish to use. This should comprise only letters or numerals without spaces or other characters, and is case-sensitive. You will need to confirm it by entering it a second time.

Note: LI allows subscribers to change their passwords at will. It is important not to divulge your password to others, in case they change the password without your consent, leaving you locked out of the database.

Step 5: Complete the billing information and credit card details, and confirm the transaction.

Note: Credit card details are transmitted using 128-bit SSL (secure socket layer) encryption.

As soon as the transaction is confirmed, you have instant access to the database. For future access, enter your User Name and Password values into the boxes provided in the Subscribers section of the Home Page, then click on Login.

You can change your password or email address details after Login by clicking on User Details.

LI’s Advanced Search facility is only available to paid subscribers, and provides separate indexes for variable-focus retrieval. These indexes (described in Section 6 of this guide) can be used singly or in combination to construct a search statement. Various filters can be selected to modify the output desired. When you click on Search, the search engine returns a view comprising all the citations whose index values match those specified by the search statement, as modified by any filter(s).

Click on Search Database.

Construct the search term line. This requires four steps, as illustrated in the following practice exercise:

Step 1 - Select an Index: select the index you wish to search, using the drop-down selection box; for this example, choose “Category Codes”;

Step 2 - Specify how to compare items: select the required comparison operator, using the drop-down selection box; for this example, choose “Starting with”;

Step 3 - Specify what you are looking for: type in the search term; for this example, type in “D” (or “d” - you may enter either lower-case or upper-case characters); this means that the search engine will return to you all the citations in the “D” category (Intelligence & Information) - for further details on the Categories Index, see Section 6.4 below.

Step 4 - Add it to your statement: click on Add to add this search term line to the query box.

If you were now to click on Search, the search engine would return all LI material on the broad topic of ‘Intelligence &. Information’. This would constitute a simple query.

However, you can construct a compound query by adding multiple search term lines to the query box. To do this, you simply repeat the above procedure, so as to construct another search term line and add it to the query box. For this example, keep the Category Codes index selection, but choose the “Exactly matching” comparison operator, and type in the search term “E03” (E zero 3). This will select the citations in the third sub-category of the E (Operations) main category dealing with peace-keeping and peace support operations.

If you now click on Add, you will see that this second search term line has been added to the query box. (Note that and is the default connective between the two search term lines; click on the connective to toggle it between and and or).

If you now click on Search, the search engine will return those items whose index values match both of the search term lines, i.e. it will return to you a view of material relating to intelligence aspects of peace-keeping and peace support operations.

Items in a view are presented in groups of twenty, with each group (or part thereof) presented on a separate page -- thus a view comprising 73 items will be presented in four pages, with the fourth page containing only 13 items.

If you mistype a search term line, or change your mind about it, click on its “Wrong” button to the right.

Any of the indexes can be used in any combination, and once you become familiar with the type of material contained in the database, you will quickly come to appreciate the precision with which a carefully-framed search statement can retrieve material relevant to your information requirement. Some helpful examples are provided at the end of Section 7 “Exploiting the Indexes”.

In the lower right corner of the Advanced Search screen you will see four boxes, which can optionally be used to refine the view returned by the search statement:

• The not earlier than dialogue box requires a year-value input, and will exclude from the view all material whose year of publication is earlier than the specified year;
• The not later than dialogue box requires a year-value input, and will exclude from the view all material whose year of publication is later than the specified year;
• The no foreign language check-box will exclude material from non-English language publications;
• The exclude cross-references check-box will prevent the appending of items cross-referenced by material in the view.

The default connective in compound queries is the and connective, so that the view comprises a conjunction of search term lines. This can be toggled between and and or, by clicking on the connective itself.

Sometimes the mixed use of and and or connectives in a compound query can lead to ambiguity. For example, the query “Geographical Index equal to AUSTRALIA and Keywords equal to FRIGATE or Keywords equal to DESTROYER” could yield a very different view from that intended, if the first two search terms were resolved together - you would get a view of Australia’s frigates and the world’s destroyers! The query obviously requires the last two terms to be resolved together. This is accomplished by the use of brackets as shown in the following diagram:

The brackets are added (and removed) by clicking on the appropriate boxes in the search query grid, immediately before and after the group of terms to be resolved together.

The Archive, which is only open to paid subscribers, sets out the full contents of the LI database, organized in alphabetical order of source publication title. Each publication data page includes a link to the publication’s schedule, organized by year of publication, which provides links to the contents lists, with citations (including abstracts) of the articles indexed in each issue.

While the Archive does not provide the selective retrieval power of the indexed database, it does provide a useful means of surveying the depth and range of individual publications, as well as the climate of concerns at a particular time. The citations are listed with their index values, showing the means by which they could be individually retrieved by the search engine.

The real power of the Archive lies in revealing what you don’t know. Whereas the indexes assume that you to know what there is to search for, the Archive sets out all the material you never heard of. It also supports greater depth of understanding: for example, if you are interested in US Marine Corps thinking on its future roles, missions and capabilities, there really is no substitute for trawling through the last few years’ worth of the Marine Corps Gazette. The Archive enables you to do this.

Step 1: Click on the Archive link on the menu bar.

Step 2: Click on the initial letter of the publication you wish to inspect.

Step 3: Click on the relevant title in the list of publications beginning with that letter. This presents you with the publication data page, which includes publisher contact information.

Step 4: Click on the publication title. This will present you with a listing of the years for which material from the selected publication is held in the LI database.

Step 5: Click on the year og interest to you.

Step 6: Click on the specific issue you wish to see. This will return a view of that issue’s contents.

Each citation may contain one or more entries in any or each of the following indexes:

• Global
• Author
• Category Code
• Keyword
• Geographical
• Organization
• Source/Year
• Title Words

The indexes may be searched singly (simple query) or in combination (compound query), as explained in Section 4.2 above.

The compilation of LI has required constant minor decisions as to what indexing conventions to use, in order to try and maintain consistency across the database. For example, it might seem obvious that an item on heroism should have that word as a Keyword index entry - but the next item in this topic area might be about bravery, and the user might in any case be trying to locate material by searching on courage or gallantry. Such problems of judgement, which reflect an unavoidable subjectivity in a field where ambiguities and overlaps abound, can be found at many points in LI, and the purpose of this section is to inform the user how some of them have been approached with respect to each index.

The general practice in writing summary text or comment has been to use English spelling. However, when quotations have been taken from US sources, they have been left with US spellings intact, as written. Quotations from foreign-language sources have nearly always been translated.

Entries comprise last name and initials separated by a single space. Initials are given exactly as indicated by the first name(s) as published, thus ‘Bill Sweetman’ is indexed as ‘SWEETMAN B’, and ‘Tony Preston’ as ‘PRESTON T’. LI has been designed for an international user base, and not everyone might know that ‘Tony’ was a diminutive of ‘Anthony’. Indeed, it might not be a diminutive at all, but the actual given name.

Apologies are due to authors whose family and given names have been transposed, but it is not always easy to determine the correct order - sometimes an article is published as signed by ‘Singh Bilveer’, sometimes by ‘Bilveer Singh’. Maybe they are different people. Authors whose names have been incorrectly entered are invited to email LI at mail@mpr.co.uk so that errors can be corrected.

Author index entries can also include the names of individuals whose work constitutes the principal subject under discussion (as in a review article), or who have joined in a debate over a particular item, usually in the correspondence columns of the source publication involved.

The phrase ‘as published’ underlined at the start of this sub-section is important. For example, it means that items by Christopher Donnelly will be indexed under ‘Donnelly C’, and that a search on this index value may thus yield material by Gen Charles Donnelly USAF. It also means that an article signed by Mr Donnelly as ‘Christopher N Donnelly’ will be indexed under ‘Donnelly CN’, and would not be found by a search on ‘Donnelly C’, unless you used the ‘Starting with’ (stem-searching) comparison operator already discussed.

Note: this example illustrates an important principle in using the LI search engine efficiently - never be unnecessarily specific. In this case, it is more efficient to search loosely on ‘Donnelly C’ (using the stem-search facility) and accept the risk of collecting material by other writers having that name and initial, and which may not be germane to your enquiry, than to search tightly on ‘Donnelly CN’ and miss a useful article which he chose to sign without using his middle initial.

Each citation has one or more category code values to indicate its subject matter, and will often have more than one. Each value is indexed in the Category Codes index, which is used to retrieve records by subject category. A citation can have as many category code index values as may be appropriate to the contents of the full-text original document. No “either/or” rule is applied - if an item could be indexed under either of two categories, it gets indexed under both.

The Category Codes Index has a tree structure, with sub-categories and sub-sub-categories. Only the lowest-level category codes are used as index values in citations. Thus, for example, there is no record in the database with the category index value “A5” (arms control) - all arms control material will carry one or more of the lowest-level sub-categories, i.e. A5.1 (inventory levels), A5.2 (verification and compliance) or A5.3 (counter-proliferation). If you need to retrieve any A5 material irrespective of sub-category, you will need to use the “starting with” stem-searching facility already described in Section 2 “Searching the Database”.

Category codes are the primary tool in searching the database for relevant material. Once you become familiar with LI, you will be able to recognize category codes (and hence the subject scope of a specific record) at a glance. Until that stage of familiarity is reached, however, the codes will naturally be obscure, and you will find it necessary to consult the Category Codes Index listings provided in Appendix 2 below. The listings are in two parts - in order of category code, and order of descriptive text.

The category code structure is the most powerful tool in the search engine for exploiting the LI database, and information professionals will find that a few minutes spent on studying it, so as to understand “what has been placed where”, will be repaid an hundred-fold in terms of research productivity gained through improved search precision.

LI maintains an index of words or phrases, which can be used to locate material according to topic. It is more narrowly focused than the Category Codes Index, which deals with general subject areas. For example, an item might carry the category code value “J13.1” (fixed wing aircraft) and the keyword value “F-16”.

This variability of focus is useful in designing a query to obtain a desired degree of search precision. For example, a search on “Geographical Index equal to ‘TAIWAN’ and Category Codes Index equal to ‘J13.1’” yields a general view of that country’s fixed-wing combat aircraft inventory, while “Geographical Index equal to ‘TAIWAN’ and Keywords Index equal to “F-16” yield a more specific view of particular aircraft type.

The Keywords Index is used for most proper names other than those of countries/regions (for which the Geographical Index is used) and of organizations (for which the Organization Index is used). It is also used to cover historical events and personages, as well as topics. Operations, battles and exercises are given by their names alone - e.g. DESERT STORM, DIEN BIEN PHU, ROVING SANDS. There is fertile ground for inconsistencies, some of which have defeated resolution. Should Dien Bien Phu, being a place, not be in the Geographical index? Or should material on the Manchurian campaign be indexed in the Geographical index under MANCHURIA? When in doubt, search both, or use the Global Index.

In respect of the Keywords Index, two further aspects of compilation practice should be noted.

• Whenever a keyword phrase is commonly referred to by an acronym, it is likely that the acronym that has been indexed; thus ‘RMA’ has been used in preference to ‘REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS’. On the other hand, ‘CLOSE AIR SUPPORT’ has been used in preference to ‘CAS’. No consistent rule has appeared to be sensible under all circumstances, however. While every effort is made during LI’s compilation to stick to a particular choice, it has proved impossible to devise a universal criterion for choosing whether to index the acronym or the full expression. If the user cannot find an acronym in the Keyword Index, the unabbreviated search term should thus be checked as well.
• As a general rule, the singular has been preferred to the plural, e.g. ‘MILITARY BASE’. There are exceptions, whenever the topic is naturally expressed by the plural word, e.g. ‘WOMEN’, ‘KURDS’, HUMAN RIGHTS’ or ‘CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS’.

This is used to locate material by specific country or area; it does not go down to district or city level, so that places such as CHINA LAKE or NURRUNGAR are indexed using the Keywords Index. Again, there will be grey areas - is DIEGO GARCIA a military base (keyword) or an island (geographical)? In such cases, the safest solution is to search both indexes, or use the Global index.

Post-partition Korean material is indexed on either ‘KOREA N’ or ‘KOREA S’ (or both), and ‘PACIFIC’ has a variety of suffixes. ‘GERMANY’ is used only for the country pre-1946 -- otherwise ‘FRG’ (or, before 1989, ‘GDR’) has been used; likewise, ‘RUSSIA’ has been used for the pre- and post-Soviet state. Partly as a consequence of the construction of this Index having started in 1983, there are relatively few geographical index entries for ‘USA’ or ‘USSR’, as almost 90% of the literature at that time would have required one or other of them. Instead, the regional suffix ‘.02’ (North America) and ‘.09’ (Eastern Europe & Eurasia) have been taken as sufficient, with “USA” and “USSR” only provided where regional suffixes are absent.

This index identifies material relating to specific organizations, such as a particular agency or manufacturing company, e.g. ‘CIA’, ‘DERA’ or ‘BOEING’.

This index enables you to retrieve material from a particular source publication and, if desired, from a particular year of publication. The values in this index consist of a source publication search code separated by a single space from the year of publication, e.g. ‘MCG 1993’ or ‘BAR 1995’.

As you become familiar with LI, you will increasingly be able to remember the search codes that you need. With many of them the search code is obvious enough, e.g. MCG for the Marine Corps Gazette, or BAR for the British Army Review. Some are not so obvious however (particularly where two journals compete for the same initials, such as Strategic Analysis and Scientific American, or Adelphi Papers and Asian Perspective). In such cases, you should consult the relevant data page in the Archive, where the search code for each source publication is specified.

Example: Suppose you wish to search for material in the US Army War College journal Parameters, but do not know the search code used by LI for this publication. Click on Archive/P/Parameters, and you will see that it is ‘PARMS’.

Please note that the all the values in this index comprise the search code followed by the year of publication, and that a search on “Source/Year exactly matching ‘PARMS’” by itself would thus yield a null view.

If you want any material from a journal source, irrespective of year of publication (for example, in finding material on leadership in the Marine Corps Gazette), then you need to use the stem-searching technique already described, by choosing the “Starting with” comparison operator.

This index is used to retrieve citations where the specified word exists in the document title.

This indexes individual words not only all in the fields covered by the specialist indexes already discussed, but also the text of all abstracts.

You may reasonably ask, why use the specialist indexes at all, if the Global Index indexes everything? There are two points to bear in mind here:

• The advantage of comprehensiveness is sometimes negated by the disadvantage of over-inclusion. For example, if you are trying to locate material on the importance of an understanding of geography in military and strategic analysis, a search on “geography” in the Global Index will retrieve over 150 items where the author is identified as belonging to the department of geography of some university or other. In this case, it is far more efficient to use the Keywords index to retrieve the 15 or more items which specifically address the science of geography as a military topic.
• The global index only indexes individual words, whereas the specialist indexes index whole phrases. Thus a search for material on “war powers” in the Global Index might return a mass of material dealing with the risks of war between regional or global powers, whereas a search of the Keywords Index will retrieve material dealing with the US constitutional issues raised by the War Powers Act.

LI’s index structure allows you to search the database with a variable degree of precision, ranging from a general trawl through broadly-defined topics to a search for quite specific combinations of index values.

The following examples may help illustrate the immense range of possibilities for defining your own views of the database through appropriate index combination. The best way to achieve easy mastery of the Search Engine is to practice constructing and executing these searches, along with others of your own invention.

• “French intelligence in the inter-war period” (Category Code equal to P4.1 and Category Code starting with D and Geographical equal to FRANCE)
• “Terrorism and the media” (Category Code equal to A7.1 and Category Code equal to M2)
• “Swiss defence policy” (Category Code equal to A2.01 and Geographical equal to SWITZERLAND)
• “Marine Corps Gazette material on leadership” (Source/Year starting with MCG and Category Code equal to G2)
• “Anything on North Korean nuclear policy by Albright” (Author starting with Albright and Category Code equal to A6.1 and Geographical equal to KOREA N)
• “Iraqi missile technology” (Category Code starting with J01 and Geographical equal to IRAQ)
• “Anything by Ralph Peters on the RMA” (Author starting with Peters R and Keywords equal to RMA)

The combinatorial possibilities are limited only by your knowledge and imagination. The greater your familiarity with the subject matter, the better your ability to construct the search statements to retrieve what you need.

The Lancaster Index (LI) is a bibliographic database of open-source journal articles and monographs relating to defence and international security affairs. Nearly all of these are held on the shelves of the Library at the University of Lancaster, UK. The database comprises indexed and cross-referenced citations, usually with descriptive summaries or abstracts, of some 330 publications since the mid-1980s.

These include:

• government publications
• professional armed forces journals and bulletins
• academic journals and occasional papers
• research institute monographs
• commercial and industry periodicals dealing with military industries and technologies

The database is updated weekly, at a rate of approximately 10,000 new citations per year. The current number of records in the database, along with the date of the last update, is stated on the Home Page.

Because of the quantity of material being published over a complex field of inter-related subjects, LI focuses mainly on the secondary sources - the full-length analyses in which authors have often carried out much research on the primary sources, and have provided detailed supporting references. These can themselves be a valuable resource to researchers, in pointing to further materials for study. The data format therefore includes a full bibliographic description (including all graphic and tabular material, plus a count of footnotes and literature references). Citations also include a concise abstract, or description of the contents, wherever that might assist a decision on research effort investment.

Note: The codes actually used in LI are shown in bold face. These are all lowest-level codes. If you need to use a higher-level code, stem-searching will be required using the "Starting with" comparison operator.

A:	POLICY
	A1:	Foreign Policy
		A1.01 Western Europe A1.02 North America A1.03 Central & South America A1.04 Far East & Australasia A1.05 South & South East Asia A1.06 Middle & Near East A1.07 Africa A1.08 NATO & the West A1.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia A1.10 UN and Global
	A2	Defence Policy
	A3	Domestic Policy
		A3.01 Western Europe A3.02 North America A3.03 Central & South America A3.04 Far East & Australasia A3.05 South & South East Asia A3.06 Middle & Near East A3.07 Africa A3.08 NATO & the West A3.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia
	A4:	Economic & Trade Policy
		A4.01 Western Europe A4.02 North America A4.03 Central & South America A4.04 Far East & Australasia A4.05 South & South East Asia A4.06 Middle & Near East A4.07 Africa A4.08 NATO & the West A4.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia A4.10 Global
	A5:	Arms Control & Disarmament
		A5.1 Inventory Levels A5.2 Verification & Compliance A5.3 Counter-Proliferation
	A6:	NBC Policy
		A6.1 Nuclear Warfare A6.2 Biological Warfare A6.3 Chemical Warfare
	A7:	Terrorism, Organized Crime & Counter-Insurgency
		A7.1 Terrorism A7.2 Organized Crime & Drug Trafficking A7.3 Insurgency & Subversion
	A8	Environmental & Ecological Policy
	A9	Religion and Politics
B:	STRATEGY & DOCTRINE
	B1:	NBC Strategy & Doctrine
		B1.1 Nuclear Warfare B1.2 Biological Warfare B1.3 Chemical Warfare
	B2:	Conventional Warfare
		B2.1 Ground Environment B2.2 Sea Power B2.3 Air Power B2.4 General Principles & Joint Warfare
	B3	Unconventional Warfare
	B4	Space Warfare
C:	ORGANIZATIONS
	C1:	Ground Forces
		C1.01 Western Europe C1.02 North America C1.03 Central & South America C1.04 Far East & Australasia C1.05 South & South-East Asia C1.06 Middle & Near East C1.07 Africa C1.08 NATO & the West C1.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia C1.10 UN
	C2:	Naval & Maritime Forces
		C2.01 Western Europe C2.02 North America C2.03 Central & South America C2.04 Far East & Australasia C2.05 South & South-East Asia C2.06 Middle & Near East C2.07 Africa C2.08 NATO & the West C2.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia C2.10 UN
	C3:	Military Aerospace
		C3.01 Western Europe C3.02 North America C3.03 Central & South America C3.04 Far East & Australasia C3.05 South & South-East Asia C3.06 Middle & Near East C3.07 Africa C3.08 NATO & the West C3.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia C3.10 UN
	C4:	Government & Other
		C4.01 Western Europe C4.02 North America C4.03 Central & South America C4.04 Far East & Australasia C4.05 South & South-East Asia C4.06 Middle & Near East C4.07 Africa C4.08 NATO & the West C4.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia C4.10 UN
D:	INTELLIGENCE & INFORMATION
	D1	Espionage & Counter-Espionage
	D2:	Surveillance & Reconnaissance
		D2.1 Strategic D2.2 Operational D2.3 Tactical
	D3	Intelligence Analysis & Handling
	D4	Deception, Concealment & Surprise
	D5	Intelligence Policy & Management
E:	OPERATIONS
	E01	Ground Operations -- Conventional
	E02	Nuclear, Biological & Chemical (NBC)
	E03	Peace-Keeping & Peace Enforcement
	E04:	Air Operations
		E04.1 Tactical Air Power & Air-to-Ground Combat E04.2 Airborne & Airmobile
	E05	Naval & Amphibious
	E06	Home & Civil Defence
	E07	Internal Security & Counter-Insurgency
	E08	Operational Planning
	E09	Operational Reserves
	E10	Command, Control & Communications (C3)
	E11	Clandestine & Special Forces
	E12:	Special Conditions: Climate & Terrain
		E12.1 Cold Weather Operations E12.2 Desert & Heat E12.3 Jungle & Close Country E12.4 Mountains E12.5 Urban Warfare E12.6 Water Obstacles
F:	TACTICS
	F1	Combined Arms
	F2	Infantry
	F3	Armour
	F4	Artillery
	F5	Special Forces
	F6	Engineer
	F7	Night Combat
	F8	Air Defence
	F9	Tactical Planning & Doctrine (Land Warfare)
G:	ADMINISTRATION
	G1	Morale
	G2	Leadership & Command
	G3	Personnel & Financial
	G4	Military Law & Regulations
	G5	Military Medicine & Health Care
	G6	Prisoners of War & Internment
	G7	Recruitment, Mobilization, Disestablishment, Demobilization
	G8	Reserve Components
H:	LOGISTICS
	H1	General Systems & Concepts
	H2	Transport & Resupply
	H3	Commodities
	H4	Repairs & Maintenance
	H5	Clothing & Equipment
	H6	Quartering & Construction
J:	TECHNOLOGY
	J01:	Missiles & Rockets
		J01.1 Strategic J01.2 Surface-to-Surface J01.3 Surface-to-Air J01.4 Air-to-Surface J01.5 Air-to-Air J01.6 Anti-Armour J01.7 Guidance Systems & Decoy Measures
	J02	Armoured Combat Vehicles
	J03	Artillery
	J04	Infantry Weapons & Small Arms
	J05	Engineer
	J06:	Command, Control, & Communications (C3)
		J06.1 C3 Systems J06.2 Electronic Warfare J06.3 Electronics J06.4 Computers (Hardware) J06.5 Computers (Software) J06.6 Man-Machine Interface & Robotics
	J07	Logistics
	J08:	Mines, Ammunition & Explosive Ordnance (including clearance and disposal technologies)
		J08.1 Land Mines J08.2 Naval Mines J08.3 Ammunition and Explosives
	J09:	Surveillance & Intelligence
		J09.1 Radar & Radio J09.2 Optical, Optronic & Acoustic J09.3 Surface Platforms J09.4 Aerospace Platforms
	J10	Nuclear, Biological & Chemical (NBC)
	J11	Power, Fuels & Engines
	J12	Naval
	J13:	Aviation
		J13.1 Fixed Wing J13.2 Rotary Wing J13.3 Lighter Than Air
	J14	Navigation & Position Location
	J15	Internal Security & Counter-Insurgency
	J16	Air Defence
	J17	Directed Energy Weapons
	J18	Space
	J19	Environment & Weather
	J20	Materials Science
K:	MILITARY PROCUREMENT
	K1	Policy & Planning
	K2	Research, Development & Acquisition
	K3	Programme Management, Manufacture & Testing
	K4:	Military Industry
		K4.1 Manufacturers, Markets & Transfers K4.2 Equipment Exhibitions
L:	TRAINING
	L1	Staff & Command
	L2	Field
	L3	General
	L4	Simulation & Modelling
	L5	Technical
M:	IMAGES & INFLUENCE
	M1	Propaganda, Disinformation & Counter-Measures
	M2	Military-Media Relations and Censorship
	M3	Military Aid to the Civil Power & Humanitarian Intervention
	M4	Conservation & Environment
N:	PEACE STUDIES & CONFLICT RESEARCH
	N1	Studies & Research
	N2	Pressure Groups
	N3	Ethics & War
P:	MILITARY & POLITICAL HISTORY
	P1	Before 1800
	P2	From 1800 to 1899
	P3	From 1900 to 1918
	P4:	From 1919 to 1945
		P4.1 From 1919 to 1939 (the interwar period) P4.2 From 1939-45 (WW2 in Europe) P4.3 From 1941-45 (WW2 in the Pacific)
	P5:	Since 1945
		P5.01 Western Europe P5.02 North America P5.03 Central & South America P5.04 Far East & Australasia P5.05 South & South East Asia P5.06 Middle & Near East P5.07 Africa P5.08 NATO & the West P5.09 Eastern Europe & Eurasia P6 General Articles & Historiography

The following table lists the LI categories in alphabetical order of topic, showing the corresponding database category code in the right-hand column. The listing is cross-referenced, e.g the category G2 "Administration -- Leadership & Command" is also indexed under "Leadership" and "Command".